I am a member of the WELS. I was wondering when and why Lutherans (in a America) developed a corporate-style form of church government. (Calling our Bishops ‘District President’ and ‘President’, etc.)
Amongst Lutherans in America, there has been an almost universal democratic style of church governance. Most often Lutheran Synods eschewed a strong central and singular figurehead for leadership. Most placed congregations above districts and synod leadership. In fact, as it stands, in the Missouri Synod, the Synod is “advisory” and does not exercise “legislative or coercive powers.” Similar language can be found throughout the history of Lutheranism in America. The term “President” however, should not be understood as one who wields great executive power. It’s usage goes back to the early Church:
And on the day called Sunday, all who live in cities or in the country gather together to one place, and the memoirs of the apostles or the writings of the prophets are read, as long as time permits; then, when the reader has ceased, the president verbally instructs, and exhorts to the imitation of these good things. Then we all rise together and pray, and, as we before said, when our prayer is ended, bread and wine and water are brought, and the president in like manner offers prayers and thanksgivings, according to his ability,2 and the people assent, saying Amen
Justin Martyr, “The First Apology of Justin”, The Ante-Nicene Fathers, Volume I: The Apostolic Fathers With Justin Martyr and Irenaeus, ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson and A. Cleveland Coxe (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Company, 1885). 186.
The reason that Lutherans chose the term President was seen as simply the guy who ran the meeting, namely the regular Synodical meeting. In fact, the Tennessee Synod saw itself as so congregational based that their use of the term “Synod” was the meeting that happened once a year to approve new pastors, congregation, and conduct similar business.
To my knowledge, with the exception of Bishop Stephan who led the group that later became the LCMS, Lutherans in America did not use the term Bishop until around 1980 in the ALC, LCA and AELC (which formed the ELCA in 1988).
Of historical note, it is for the same reason that the United States chose the title “President” because they wanted the lowliest title they could think of for the executive office. It was not until after the civil war and the accumulation of powers of the Executive branch that the term “President” was seen as a title of prestige.
Matthew Lorfeld, Pastor
Messiah Lutheran Church
La Crescent, MN
http://www.messiahlacrescent.org